Thermal calculators

Heat exchanger sizing, insulation, thermal expansion and tank heating, with the heat balance and its assumptions shown.

• Cargo tank heating time and steamHeat-up energy, heat losses through deck, shell and bulkheads, heating power or time, steam consumption and heating coil area for a cargo or fuel tank.
• Heat exchanger LMTDLMTD for counter, parallel and 1-2 shell-and-tube flow, duty from either stream, F correction, fouling and required area from U.
• Pipe and tank insulation heat lossHeat loss through multi-layer cylindrical or flat insulation, surface temperature and the heating power to hold a fuel tank or line warm.
• Thermal expansion and restraint stressLength change of solids with temperature, stress and force when restrained, and the volume change and pressure rise of a liquid trapped in a pipe or tank.